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C-K design theory or concept-knowledge theory is both a design theory and a theory of reasoning in design. It defines design reasoning as a logic of expansion processes, ''i.e.'' a logic that organizes the generation of unknown objects. The theory builds on several traditions of design theory, including systematic design, axiomatic design, creativity theories, general and formal design theories,〔Braha D. and Maimon O. 1998. ''A Mathematical Theory of Design: Foundations, Algorithms, and Applications.'' Springer.〕 and artificial intelligence-based design models. Claims made for C-K design theory include that it is the first design theory that: # Offers a comprehensive formalization of design that is independent of any design domain or object # Explains invention, creation, and discovery within the same framework and as design processes. The name of the theory is based on its central premises: the distinction between two spaces: *a space of concepts C *a space of knowledge K. The process of design is defined as a ''double expansion'' of the C and K spaces through the application of four types of operators: C→C, C→K, K→C, K→K The first draft of C-K theory was sketched by (Armand Hatchuel ), and then developed by Hatchuel and his colleague, Benoît Weil. Recent publications explain C-K theory and its practical application in different industries.〔Hatchuel A., Le Masson P. & Weil B. (2004), (C-K Theory in Practice: Lessons from Industrial Applications ), 8th International Design Conference, D. Marjanovic, (Ed.), Dubrovnik, 18–21 May 2004: 245–257.〕 C-K theory is a research field and a teaching area in several academic institutions in France, Switzerland, Israel, the UK, the USA, and Sweden. ==Genesis of C-K theory== C-K theory was a response to three perceived limitations of existing design theories:〔Hatchuel, A and Weil, B 2003, (A new approach of innovative design: an introduction to C-K theory ). Proceedings of the international conference on engineering design (ICED’03), Stockholm, Sweden, pp 109–124〕 # Design theory when assimilated to problem solving theory is unable to account for innovative aspects of design. # Classic design theories dependent on object domains, machine design, architecture or industrial design favored design theories that were tailored to their specific knowledge bases and contexts. Without a unified design theory these fields experience difficulties over cooperation in real design situations. # Design theories and creativity theories have been developed as separate fields of research. But design theory should include the creative, surprising and serendipitous aspects of design; while creativity theories have been unable to account for intentional inventive processes common in design fields.〔Hatchuel, Armand, Le Masson, Pascal, and Weil, Benoit. (2008) (Studying creative design: the contribution of C-K theory ). Studying design creativity: Design Science, Computer Science, Cognitive Science and Neuroscience Approaches, Aix-en-Provence, France, 10–11 March 2008〕 C-K theory claims to have overcome these three limitations. It uses an approach which is domain-independent and which allows acting on unknown objects, and changes of the definitions of known objects during the process (''revision of objects' identities'').〔Hatchuel A. and Weil B., (C-K design theory: An advanced formulation ), Research in Engineering Design, 19(4):181–192, 2009〕 C-K theory was shown by Hatchuel and Weil〔 to be closely related to Braha's Formal Design Theory 〔 and its clarification by Braha and Reich’s Coupled Design Theory,〔Braha D. and Reich Y. 2003. (''Topological Structures for Modeling Complex Engineering Design Processes.'' ) Research in Engineering Design 14(4): 185-199.〕 which are both based on topological structures for design modeling. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「C-K theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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